Exploring the Benefits of Investment-Grade CLO Debt
Summary
We believe the investment-grade (“IG”) CLO debt asset class has several positive attributes. IG CLO tranches offer compelling relative value versus similarly rated instruments due in part to the inherent complexity of the asset class. Importantly, CLO portfolios, consisting largely of first lien secured loans, provide exposure to high-quality assets and ample diversification. Lastly, given how CLOs are structured, CLO investors can create custom portfolios that suit their individual needs and risk tolerances.
Bain Capital has been active in the CLO market for over 25 years as an issuer, manager, and investor. We manage a variety of funds and custom accounts in the CLO space, targeting various levels of income, return, and risk. We strongly believe scale, experience, and expertise are imperative in driving value in the CLO market.
Why investment-grade CLO debt?
Scalability
IG CLO debt is a $700 billion and growing market, a majority of it rated AAA. In fact, when comparing the CLO AAA market versus other AAA-rated securitized sectors, it ranks among the largest. We believe this sizable asset pool allows investors to build scale and supports improved trading liquidity.
Exhibit 1 US AAA Outstanding ($B)1Source: Data as of September 30, 2024. Source: Bank of America Research.
High quality, diversified collateral
CLOs primarily invest in portfolios of broadly syndicated bank loans. Typically, 95% or more of the underlying loans in CLOs are first-lien debt. CLOs also offer strong diversification, as the typical CLO portfolio holds approximately 300 obligors across more than 25 industries. Lastly, CLOs are actively managed investment vehicles, meaning the underlying collateral pool will change over time. In fact, over the past nearly 10 years, the CLO market’s exposure to what are typically viewed as cyclical industries has declined. This is an example of the active nature of CLOs and evidence that the CLO market has consistently shifted away from industries with historically higher default rates.
Exhibit 2 CLO exposure to under-performing industries1Source: Data as of September 30, 2024. Source: Intex and Bain Capital Credit analysis. The chart shows CLO exposure to the retail, metals and mining, energy, diversified media, consumer, and broadcasting industries, which have experienced above-average default rates since 2007.
Complexity premium: Wider spreads despite strong performance
Investing in CLOs is not a simple task. There are over 160 CLO managers and 2,400 CLO structures active in the market today. Furthermore, each CLO has a distinct structure, documentation, and collateral pool. While complex, CLOs have delivered strong performance over time with limited defaults over multiple cycles. Despite these positive attributes, CLO debt generally trades wide to similarly rated instruments. The complexity of CLOs is one of the primary reasons we believe specific asset class expertise is imperative when investing in the CLO market.
Exhibit 3 CLOs have experienced limited defaults historically1Source: Data as of December 31, 2023. Represents the period from 1994 to 2023. Source: S&P Global Ratings and Bain Credit Capital analysis. Default rate = number of ratings that were lowered to D/total number of ratings.
Floating rate income
CLOs are floating-rate instruments that help insulate performance against changes in interest rates and provide strong diversification versus fixed-rate investments. Looking at a period of elevated rate volatility and uncertainty— June 2022 through October 2024— CLO debt performed exceedingly well on a total return and Sharpe ratio basis (see Exhibit 4).
Exhibit 4 Performance during rate volatility: June 2022 through October 20241Source: Data as of October 31, 2024. Source: JPMorgan, S&P LCD, and Bain Capital Credit analysis.
Investment flexibility
Another benefit of investing in CLO debt is the ability to build portfolios with custom risk and return profiles. A CLO’s capital structure is divided into multiple debt tranches and a single equity tranche. As shown in the table below, each debt tranche differs by rating, market capitalization, investor base, maturities, and volatility attributes.
Exhibit 5 Debt tranche variables1Source: Bank of America Research. Data as of June 30, 2024.
|
Rating |
Market Size $ |
Largest Investors |
Weighted Avg Life |
Volatility |
|
AAA |
550bn |
|
1-6.5 |
Very Low |
|
AA |
100bn |
|
2.5-8.5 |
Low |
|
A |
52bn |
|
3-9 |
Low |
|
BBB |
57bn |
|
3.5-9.5 |
Moderate |
Bain Capital’s CLO market advantage
Experience
Bain Capital has a 25-year track record managing, structuring, trading, and investing in CLOs. Since inception, we have managed over 70 CLOs and invested over $11 billion in CLO debt and equity, delivering strong returns through numerous market cycles. Importantly, with $23 billion currently under management, we are able to leverage our position as a top CLO manager to drive access to CLO opportunities.
Large credit research team
A key component of CLO investing is analyzing CLO portfolios. Bain Capital leverages a team of more than 40 industry researchers to provide integral viewpoints on individual credits within CLOs. This is particularly valuable in times of increased market stress, when volatility and downgrades in individual names can have significant impact on the performance of a CLO. We believe this is a distinct advantage over smaller credit firms or managers who only specialize in CLOs.
Active and analytical approach to investing
Bain Capital utilizes proprietary analytics to analyze CLO portfolios and relative value across the market. The system tracks daily pricing, ratings, and performance data across over 2,400 CLOs. We believe our analytics engine provides a key advantage versus our competitors, who may lack the resources to implement these types of investment tools.
Alignment
Bain Capital is an employee-owned partnership and principal investor with significant employee co-investment across all credit strategies. In fact, Bain Capital employees are among the largest investors in our CLO business. This alignment has been at the core of Bain Capital’s strategy since its founding in 1984 and remains at the core of its business model to this day.
Conclusion
IG CLO debt has demonstrated strong performance historically and offers investors a range of benefits, including scalability, customization, and stable income. Investors seeking to access the CLO market should consider potential managers’ experience, dedicated resources, and position in the market, as we believe these are all key factors in investing and driving value in the CLO space.
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General Market and Credit Risks of Debt Securities. Debt portfolios are subject to credit and interest rate risk. “Credit risk” refers to the likelihood that an issuer will default in the payment of principal and/or interest on an instrument. Financial strength and solvency of an issuer are the primary factors influencing credit risk.
Limited Amortization Requirements. From time to time, the Fund will invest in debt that will typically have limited mandatory amortization and interim repayment requirements. A low level of amortization of any debt, over the life of the investment, will increase the risk that a portfolio company will not be able to repay or refinance the debt held by the Fund when it comes due at its final stated maturity.
High Yield Debt. From time to time, the Fund will invest in high yield debt, a substantial portion of which is rated below investment-grade by one or more nationally recognized statistical rating organizations or are unrated but, in the adviser’s opinion, of comparable credit quality to obligations rated below investment-grade, and have greater credit and liquidity risk than more highly rated debt obligations. High yield debt is generally unsecured and is often subordinate to other obligations of the obligor.
Financially Troubled Companies. From time to time, the Fund invests in the obligations of companies that are financially troubled and that are either engaged in a reorganization or expect to file for bankruptcy. Investments in financially troubled companies involve significantly greater risk than investments in non-troubled companies, and the repayment of obligations of financially troubled companies is subject to significant uncertainties.
Bank Loans. The investments of the Fund at times include interests in loans originated by banks and other financial institutions. The loans invested in by the Fund may include term loans and revolving loans, may pay interest at a fixed or floating rate and may be senior or subordinated.
Priority of Repayment for Certain Investments. The characterization of the Fund’s investments as senior debt or senior secured debt does not mean that such debt will necessarily be repaid in priority to all other obligations of the businesses in which the Fund invests. Furthermore, debt and other liabilities incurred by non-guarantor subsidiaries of the borrowers of senior secured loans made by the Fund are often structurally senior to the debt held by the Fund. In the event of insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of a portfolio company, the debt and other liabilities of such subsidiaries will generally be repaid in full before any distribution can be made to an obligor of the senior secured loans held by the Fund.
Risks of Secured Loans. Fund have in the past and may in the future invest in secured loans that are over-collateralized at the time of the investment, but such secured loans nonetheless may be exposed to losses resulting from default and foreclosure. Therefore, the value of the underlying collateral, the creditworthiness of the borrower and the priority of the lien are each of great importance.
Distressed Investments. The Fund is also generally authorized to invest in the securities and obligations of distressed and bankrupt issuers, including debt obligations that are in covenant or payment default. Such investments generally are considered speculative. The repayment of defaulted obligations is subject to significant uncertainties. Defaulted obligations might be repaid, if at all, only after lengthy workout or bankruptcy proceedings, during which the issuer might not make any interest or other payments and the amount of any recovery is typically affected by the relative seniority of the Fund’s investment in the capital structure of the issuer. In addition, distressed investments are more likely to be challenged as fraudulent conveyances and amounts paid on those investments will be subject to avoidance as a preference under certain circumstances.
Structured Products. The adviser has in the past and will in the future cause the Fund to invest in structured products, including assets typically referred to as “CLO debt” and “CLO equity.” These investments will typically consist of equity or subordinated debt securities issued by a private investment fund that invests, on a leveraged basis, in the bank loan, high yield debt or other asset groups. The Fund’s investments in structured products will be subject to a number of risks, including risks related to the fact that the structured products will be leveraged. Utilization of leverage is a speculative investment technique and will generally magnify the opportunities for gain and risk of loss borne by an investor in the equity or subordinated debt securities issued by a structured product.
Mezzanine Debt. The mezzanine investments in which the Fund intends to invest are typically contractually or structurally subordinate to senior indebtedness of the applicable company, or effectively subordinated as a result of being unsecured debt and therefore subject to the prior repayment of secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets pledged as security. In some cases, the subordinated debt held by the Fund will be subject to the prior repayment of different classes of senior debt that is “layered” ahead of the debt held by the Fund. In the event of financial difficulty on the part of a portfolio company, such class or classes of senior indebtedness ranking prior to the debt held by the Fund, and interest thereon and related expenses, must first be repaid in full before any recovery will be had on the Fund’s mezzanine or other subordinated investment. Subordinated investments are characterized by greater credit risks than those associated with the senior or senior secured obligations of the same issuer.
Investments in Direct Lending. The Fund may make investments in the debt of companies directly. Direct lending by the Fund may be riskier than other more established asset classes. Such investments are often negotiated directly with the company itself, with a private equity sponsor, or with another third party, as applicable. As a result, these investments are not broadly syndicated to a large, diverse group of lenders by a financial institution in the manner of bank loans, high yield bonds, or other similar assets in which the Fund invests. The Fund may be the only lenders or part of a small, concentrated group of lenders invested in this part of the company’s capital structure. These investments are generally highly illiquid. There is a risk the Fund may not be able to sell or otherwise dispose of these assets or that any such disposition may be on terms that are not favorable to the Fund.
Indices Information
- The S&P/LSTA Leveraged Loan Index (“LSTA”) is a daily total return index that uses mark-to-market pricing to calculate market value change. The LSTA tracks, on a real-time basis, the current outstanding balance and spread over LIBOR for fully funded term loans. The facilities included in the LSTA represent a broad cross section of leveraged loans syndicated in the United States, including dollar-denominated loans to overseas issuers.
- The Bank of America Merrill Lynch US Corporate Index (HG Bonds or BAML US IG) tracks the performance of US dollar denominated investment grade corporate debt publicly issued in the US domestic market. Qualifying securities must have an investment grade rating (based on an average of Moody’s, S&P and Fitch), at least 18 months to final maturity at the time of issuance, at least one year remaining term to final maturity as of the rebalancing date, a fixed coupon schedule and a minimum amount outstanding of $250 million.
- The Bank of America Merrill Lynch U.S. High Yield Master II Index (BAML US HY) tracks the performance of below investment grade U.S. dollar-denominated corporate bonds publicly issued in the US domestic market.
- The index data referenced herein is the property of ICE Data Indices, LLC, its affiliates (“ICE Data”) and/or its Third Party Suppliers and has been licensed for use by Bain Capital, LP. ICE Data and its Third Party Suppliers accept no liability in connection with its use.
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